Angelina is passionate about working with children. Her Psychology coursework in adolescent development becomes applied insight in her summer research project. With guidance from her faculty mentor, Dr. Kiren Kahn, Angelina seamlessly integrates her classroom learning into a meaningful real-world project while making a difference in the Memphis community.
Establishing a Process for Discernment:
In order to fully evaluate and establish a process for potentially changing a name of a historic campus space or memorial, an ad hoc committee was formed by President Troutt in the spring of 2017 to begin the process of examining contested names on our campus. In the fall of 2017, the Board of Trustees and President Hass established a larger ad hoc committee charged with developing principles for making such a decision. That committee identified six important principles that should guide the processes of discernment related to name changes. The name of Palmer Hall has been contested at the college for several years, with the most recent call for a discernment process related to the building鈥檚 name being stated as a key proposal of the 2014-2015 report of the Commission on Campus Culture. To begin the process of discernment about this building鈥檚 name, representatives from the 91制片厂 Board of Trustees, college administration, and student government visited leaders of the First Presbyterian Church New Orleans, the congregation that helped name the building after Palmer in 1925. During that visit, we received strong support for our current discernment process from the church鈥檚 leadership team. In the fall of 2018 the Board of Trustees and President Hass established a discernment committee to apply the principles to the naming of Palmer Hall. This discernment committee worked in the 2018-2019 school year to apply the principles and prepare this recommendation to the Board of Trustees on whether or not to change the name of Palmer Hall.
Throughout the 2018-2019 school year, the Discernment Committee gathered hundreds of primary and secondary documents and processed this information. The committee also engaged the 91制片厂 community, providing opportunities for all students, alumni, faculty, staff, and friends of 91制片厂 to learn more about the life and work of Benjamin Palmer and his primary legacy.
This report follows the processes described by the board鈥檚 six discernment principles. Beginning with a statement of the 91制片厂 Vision related to this process, this report continues with a description of the committee鈥檚 work on each of the principles and concludes with a recommendation to the Board.
The 91制片厂 Vision and the Naming of Palmer Hall:
The 91制片厂 Vision acknowledges our commitment to graduating students with a lifelong passion for learning, which inherently involves critical self-reflection, a compassion for others 鈥 both for those within our learning community and for those outside the college boundaries 鈥 and the ability to translate academic study and personal concern into effective leadership and action in their communities and the world. The 91制片厂 Vision further includes the goal of 鈥渁ttracting and retaining a talented, diverse student body and engaging these students in a challenging, inclusive, and culturally broadening college experience.鈥
One of the issues that has been a long-standing point of contention at 91制片厂 and many other campuses is the fact that some buildings were constructed and named in eras quite different from our own. How do such names, bestowed in an earlier time, affect our capacity to live up to our 91制片厂 Vision and be a fully inclusive community in this century? And what should be done about historical naming practices that may portray 91制片厂 as less welcoming than we are, or than we aspire to be? Our students and the worlds from which they come to us have changed since the naming of our oldest and most central building, Palmer Hall. While our liberal arts educational mission and values have not changed, they have evolved. In order to answers these questions, the committee was guided by the following six principles.
Principles for the Process of Discernment Related to Contested Names:
Principle of Alignment: The principles and processes of discernment related to contested names should align with and be informed by the college鈥檚 Vision, Honor Code, and Diversity Statement.
In all aspects of the work of the committee, we were guided by the college鈥檚 long-standing commitment to these core statements:
91制片厂 Vision: 91制片厂 College aspires to graduate students with a life-long passion for learning, a compassion for others, and the ability to translate academic study and personal concern into effective leadership and action in their communities and the world.
Honor Code: As a member of the 91制片厂 community, I pledge I will not lie, cheat, or steal, and that I will report any such violation that I may witness.
Diversity Statement: As a member of the 91制片厂 community, I pledge to help create a community where diversity is valued and welcomed. To that end, 91制片厂 College does not discriminate on the basis of race, gender, color, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and national or ethnic origin and will not tolerate harassment or discrimination on those bases.
Principle of History: History is the past that affects our present and future realities. A primary reason we study history is for a moral purpose: to learn from past behaviors and actions 鈥 good and bad 鈥 with the hope of adjusting future behaviors to reflect the positive actions and avoid past moral mistakes. History often involves painful recollections of our past, but we are shaped and influenced by that history and must allow ourselves to learn from it. We must take care in the process of discernment related to contested names not to obfuscate our history and thus avoid challenging conversations that could result in healing dialogue in our communities.
The committee took up our work with an awareness of our moral responsibility to understand our past, live in our present, and shape our future. We believe that renaming should only occur in exceptional circumstances. As a committee we committed to act humbly, knowing that we too will be studied and assessed by those generations that follow. We also carefully studied the differences between 鈥渆rasing history鈥 and recognizing that every generation has a duty to study and assess the histories of those generations that came before. We strongly oppose that this discernment work is for the purpose of 鈥渆rasing history.鈥 Rather, the committee encourages the college to provide even more opportunities for everyone to learn about the college鈥檚 history. This includes an appeal from the committee to the board and administration to ensure that all future constituents of 91制片厂 will have opportunities to learn about the life and legacy of one of our important forebears, Benjamin Palmer.
We also took up the question of the naming of Palmer Hall knowing that all institutions are subject to change over time. 91制片厂 College has intentionally 鈥 and with an eye to strengthening the college in its ability to fulfill its educational mission 鈥 embraced change. Embracing change is not the same as erasing history. The college, much like a living organism, has always grown and evolved in order to ensure its continued relevance and vitality. From the admission of women in 1917, to the move to Memphis in 1925, to the admission of the first African American students in 1966, to the last renaming of the college in 1984, 91制片厂 has continually striven to uphold its values in an ever-changing reality, and will continue to do so. Our discussion also recognizes the choice the institution made 鈥 from its initial founding as the Masonic University of Tennessee in Clarksville 鈥 to move to Memphis almost a century ago. The institution renamed itself Southwestern, adding 鈥渁t Memphis鈥 in 1945 to reflect its placement within this particular city. In fact, over its 169-year history, the college has had seven different names, most recently, of course, 91制片厂 College. Each name change has responded to the changing environment, in which the college pursues its mission of educating people to be engaged members of their communities.
Principle of Discernment: Fitting with our liberal arts heritage, the process of discernment related to contested names should be one of deep, ongoing inquiry and student engagement. Student engagement creates a profound opportunity for powerful and transformational learning that will reinforce foundational principles of the institution that are imperative to our shared liberal arts experience. In the learning and discernment process related to contested names, the central question should concern whether or not the principal legacy of the namesake is fundamentally at odds with the vision of 91制片厂 College. The principal legacy of a namesake must be determined through scholarly inquiry related to an individual鈥檚 reputation, the causes and ideas for which the person advocated, prevailing historical memory, and enduring consequences in the world. For example, after careful study, the college may find that a name is fundamentally at odds with our vision if the namesake鈥檚 principal legacy is connected to harassment or discrimination.
In order to provide the 91制片厂 community with a significant learning experience as part of this discernment process, the committee provided the following learning opportunities: 1. Developed a large bibliography and provided accessible copies of important works related to the life and legacy of Benjamin Palmer (Appendix A); 2. Built a website to provide easy access to all of our materials (/about-rhodes/palmer-hall-discernment-committee颅); 3. Hosted major events and provided video access to those events for all to view; and 4. Contacted all known college constituents by email correspondence to provide them with access to the materials and seek their feedback on the process.
The website included the following: a bibliography and copies of Palmer鈥檚 extant writings and sermons; access to recent publications referencing Palmer, and all books written about him; a video of the Prof. Haynes lecture that was presented last fall as part of the Search program; a video of the panel of Presbyterian ministers who discussed the legacy of Benjamin Palmer; a place for people to make comments; and the Principles for Discernment approved by our Board of Trustees.
The two major events were well attended, and many others viewed the videos from our website:
鈥淏enjamin Palmer and the 鈥楥urse of Ham鈥: How Genesis Became a Pro-Slavery Text.鈥 Prof. Steve Haynes gave a lecture for the Search course that was open to all students and community members on Sept. 26, 2018 at 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. in McNeill Concert Hall.
鈥淎ssessing the Legacy of Benjamin M. Palmer for the 21st Century.鈥 Rev. Dorothy Wells 鈥82 (Rector, St. George鈥檚 Episcopal Church) led a panel discussion with three panelists who have studied the legacy of 19th- and 20th-century church leaders who supported slavery, segregation, and white supremacy. The event was held on January 30, 2019, in Hardie Auditorium. Panel members included representatives from three major branches of Presbyterianism: Dr. Sean Lucas (Senior Pastor, Independent Presbyterian Church); Dr. George Robertson (Senior Pastor, Second Presbyterian Church); and Dr. R. Milton Winter (PCUSA Minister, and Historian of Presbyterianism).
While following this discernment principle, the committee sought to fully understand the principal legacy of Benjamin Palmer through our scholarly inquiry about his reputation and impact, the causes and ideas for which he advocated, the prevailing historical memory of his life, and his enduring consequences in the world. After spending several months reading and reflecting on the collected materials, including the essays and sermons written by Benjamin Palmer and the secondary material written about him, the committee drew the following conclusions about his principal legacy.
When the college moved from Clarksville to Memphis in 1925, Palmer Hall was the first building erected. A portion of the money for the building was donated by the people of New Orleans in memory of Rev. Benjamin Palmer (1818-1902), a southern Presbyterian theologian from South Carolina who was the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in New Orleans for 45 years. Palmer was a major figure in the establishment of Southwestern Presbyterian University, the predecessor of 91制片厂 College, serving on the college鈥檚 Board of Directors for 26 years. Palmer鈥檚 legacy, however, also includes his troubling use of the Bible to justify slavery and defend Jim Crow laws enacted to promote segregation and deny equal rights and justice to African Americans. Palmer was known for many things during and after his life (oratory, the promotion of Southern education, conservative social and theological views, initiating the separation of the Southern Presbyterian synods from the Northern, etc.). However, it is also clear that Palmer鈥檚 鈥淭hanksgiving Sermon鈥 (1860), which promotes slavery, and his involvement in promoting segregation after the Civil War, are key elements in any discussion of Palmer鈥檚 primary legacy. Although he spoke and wrote about many topics, a recurring and consistent theme of his sermons and public appearances was his strong and unchanging belief that slavery and segregation were mandated by the Bible. Many historians note that he was one of the most influential orators in support of slavery and segregation during the second half of the 19th century.
In the 19th century, there were many people in the US who changed their minds about slavery after the Civil War, at which time many Presbyterians, theologians, and scholars in the South developed more progressive ideas about racial identities. Palmer remained steadfast in his commitment to slavery and segregation (for a representative selection of quotations from Palmer鈥檚 sermons and speeches, see Appendix B). Moreover, as a leader in the late 19th century, he actively sought to influence the thinking of others in a way that strongly discouraged unity and reconciliation. The committee noted that this clearly appears to be the antithesis of what 91制片厂 stands for as a liberal arts college. The committee also observed that Palmer鈥檚 legacy and writings are still used by fringe groups who support white supremacy and defend modern racism and segregation.
In light of the detailed study of Palmer鈥檚 life and legacy, the following points were significant:
Principles of Inclusion & Hospitable Environment: Our campus naming practices should indicate our desire that all students, faculty, and staff feel welcomed, valued, and safe on our campus. While this desire extends to every member of our community, we strive to be particularly attentive to the needs of groups who may feel isolated or alienated as a result of their underrepresentation on our campus. While we acknowledge that some of the college鈥檚 historical associations may cause discomfort, we believe that living in productive and creative tension with the past can mitigate the impact of these associations while we seek to become a more inclusive and welcoming campus.
Although 91制片厂 College is a private college on private land, we believe the college should approach its built environment as a public space. In addition to our valued relationship with the city and citizens of Memphis who enrich our learning environment, we also welcome visitors from across the globe. We want to be sure that those visiting our campus feel welcome, and have access to historical information (for example, signage or websites) about contested names on buildings, objects, or spaces.
Palmer Hall was dedicated in 1925 to honor a man who Southerners viewed as a Confederate hero and an embodiment of Old South values. Almost a century later, at 91制片厂 the discussion about Palmer Hall is now spurred on by the fact that, like our campus setting and footprint, our student body has also changed and grown both in its numerical size and in its diversity. Although our core values and mission as an institution of higher learning have remained unchanged, we seek to be an inclusive community and are compelled to ask about the name of Palmer Hall in this context. Based on Campus Climate Surveys and comments from students, faculty, alumni, staff, and Memphis community members, the committee found that the name of Palmer Hall does contribute to a feeling of this being an unwelcoming space to many in our community. The committee agrees that 91制片厂 should be a hospitable environment for all the people who visit, work, and live on our campus.
Principle of Transparency: In the process of discernment related to contested names, it is essential to communicate with the constituencies of 91制片厂 College throughout the process. In those instances when past donors or others were involved in our naming practices, every effort will be made to communicate with and work with their current agents and representatives. It is our affirmative obligation to interpret and reinterpret the names of college facilities and the narratives behind them, and to openly communicate the rationale for any decision to rename.
The committee鈥檚 work has been guided by the knowledge that we, the current members of the 91制片厂 community, are stewards of an intergenerational project. We recognized that we must be careful and humble when evaluating past decisions so that we set a model for future generations to respect the choices that we make. Yet we also believe we have plenty of opportunities to engage in the history of our campus in ways that neither erase the past nor create a process that disallows our own agency in making decisions about our campus that are guided by the current mission of the college. We have approached our work with the kind of intellectual curiosity we know undergirds the classroom experience at 91制片厂.
Leaders from 91制片厂 held important discussions with the current leadership of the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, the organization that provided a portion of the funds almost a century ago to help build and name Palmer Hall. In 2017, the church鈥檚 leadership agreed that we should have this discernment process at 91制片厂, and they advised that they have no interest in the decision the board will make about the future plans related to the naming of this building. The committee gathered significant research about the history of Benjamin Palmer and the time period in which the building was named. We have also been cognizant of the communities of people for whom the name of the building is currently most important, and the different kinds of relationships they have to it. While such community discussions can create understandable anxiety on any college campus, but particularly at a small school like 91制片厂, we genuinely believe that the conversations we hosted, as well as future conversations about this topic, offer us a chance to learn more about our institution, about our campus as its own historically rooted place, and about each other.
RECOMMENDATION for the RHODES BOARD of TRUSTEES:
In March 2019, the following members of the Palmer Hall Discernment Committee voted unanimously to recommend that the name of Palmer Hall be changed. This recommendation is based on the committee鈥檚 detailed investigation of the principal legacy of Benjamin Palmer, which was found to be fundamentally at odds with our college Vision. At the same time, the committee recommends that appropriate measures are taken by the administration to insure that the college鈥檚 history is not forgotten.
COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
Meri Armour (committee co-chair, member of the Board of Trustees)
Bill Michaelcheck 鈥69 (committee co-chair, former Chair of the Board of Trustees)
Johnny Moore 鈥88 (Board of Trustees)
Stratton Bull 鈥74 (Board of Trustees)
Beth Simpson 鈥58 (alumna)
Chris Cardwell (鈥94, alumnus)
Prof. Terry Hill (faculty in the Department of Biology)
Prof. Esen Kirdis (faculty in the Department of International Studies)
Maggie Palopoli 鈥20 (student)
Tony Eskridge 鈥20 (student)
Milton Moreland (Provost, serving as an administrative convener)
The committee would like to thank Professors Tim Huebner (Department of History) and Steve Haynes (Department of Religious Studies) for helping to plan the campus events and for providing invaluable resources for the committee during this year of discernment.
Appendix A: Bibliography of Resources on Benjamin Palmer
Online Resources for the Sermons and Works by Benjamin Palmer:
Scanned Copy of (1906):
Major Published works of history in recent decades referencing Benjamin Palmer (by date):
James B. Silver, Confederate Morale and Church Propaganda (Tuscaloosa, AL: Confederate Publishing, 1967). References to Palmer on pp. 16, 17, 21, 22, 37, 42, 43, 52, 54, 73, 74, 78, 86, 95.
Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South 1865 to 1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). References to Palmer on pp. 50-51.
Larry E. Tise, Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701-1840 (Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1983). References to Palmer on pp.183-186, 419.
Farmer, James Oscar, The Metaphysical Confederacy (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1986). References to Palmer on pp. 10, 32, 34, 60, 71, 117, 202, 236-39, 255, 259, 263-64, 272-73.
Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920 (Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1990). References to Palmer on pp. 66, 74, 83, 158.
Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991). References to Palmer on pp. 9-10, 198.
Mitchell Snay, The Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). References to Palmer on pp. 67, 100, 109, 170, 170-180, 203.
Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863-1877 (Oxford University Press, 1998). References to Palmer on pp. 33-35, 42, 50, 127, 170-172.
Stephen R. Haynes, 鈥淩ace, National Destiny, and the Sons of Noah in the Thought of Benjamin M. Palmer,鈥 The Journal of Presbyterian History Vol. 78, No. 2 (SUMMER 2000), pp. 125-143.
David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2001). References to Palmer on p. 261.
Stephen R. Haynes, Noah鈥檚 Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). References to Palmer on pp. 13-15; 124-174.
Edward Sebesta and Euan Hague, 鈥淭he US Civil War as a Theological War: Confederate Christian Nationalism and the League of the South,鈥 Canadian Review of American Studies 32, 3, (2002).
Julia Huston Nguyen, 鈥淜eeping the Faith: The Political Significance of Religious Services in Civil War Louisiana, 1860-1865,鈥 Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 44, No. 2 (2003), 165-183.
Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders鈥 Worldview (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). References to Palmer on pp. 151, 168, 180-181, 210, 213, 215, 299, 330, 335-336, 461, 466, 523, 592, 673, 686, 758, 767, 778, 789.
Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2006). References to Palmer on pp. 213, 254, 274-275, 415-416.
Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006). References to Palmer on p. 117.
Peter S. Onuf, 鈥淎ntebellum Southerners and the National Idea,鈥 in The Old South鈥檚 Modern Worlds: Slavery, Region, and Nation in the Age of Progress, ed. by L. Diane Barnes, B. Schoen, and F. Towers (Oxford University Press, 2011). References to Palmer on pp. 33, 37.
Milton Winter, Outposts of Zion: A History of Mississippi Presbyterians in the Nineteenth Century (Memphis: Alphagraphics, 2014).
Stephen R. Haynes, 鈥淒istinction and Dispersal: Folk Theology and the Maintenance of White Supremacy,鈥 Journal of Southern Religion 17 (2015): ).
Milton Winter, Citadels of Zion: A History of Mississippi Presbyterians, 1900-2016. 2 vols. (Memphis: Alpha颅graphics, 2016).
Published works specifically about Benjamin Palmer (by date):
Wayne C. Eubank and Dallas C. Dickey, 鈥淏enjamin Morgan Palmer, Southern Divine,鈥 Quarterly Journal of Speech 30, no. 4 (1944): 422-428.
Margaret Burr DesChamps, 鈥淏enjamin Morgan Palmer, Orator-Preacher of the Confederacy,鈥
Southern Speech Journal 19, no. 1 (1953): 14-22.
Wayne C. Eubank, 鈥淏enjamin Morgan Palmer鈥檚 Thanksgiving Sermon, 1860,鈥 in Antislavery and Disunion, 1858-1861: Studies in the Rhetoric of Compromise and Conflict, ed. by J. Jeffery Auer, 291-298 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).
Haskell Monroe, 鈥淏ishop Palmer鈥檚 Thanksgiving Day Address,鈥 Louisiana History 4 (1963): 105-118.
Timothy F. Reilly, 鈥淏enjamin M. Palmer: Secessionist Become Nationalist,鈥 Louisiana History 18, no. 3 (1977): 287-301.
Richard T. Hughes, 鈥淎 Civic Theology for the South: The Case of Benjamin Morgan Palmer,鈥 Journal of Church and State 25 (1983): 447-467.
Stephen Haynes, 鈥淩ace, National Destiny, and the Sons of Noah in the Thought of Benjamin M. Palmer,鈥 The Journal of Presbyterian History Vol. 78, No. 2 (2000), pp. 125-143.
Christopher Duncan, 鈥,鈥 Auburn University: PhD Dissertation, 2008.
Milton Winter, 2018, 鈥淧almer of New Orleans: 鈥淏ig Villain of the Play鈥濃擜 Southern Journey from Slavery and Secession Toward Justice and Racial Reconciliation,鈥 Unpublished Paper Made Available to the 91制片厂 Community and the Discernment Committee, based on work published in Milton Winter, Outposts of Zion: A History of Mississippi Presbyterians in the Nineteenth Century (Memphis: Alphagraphics, 2014) and Citadels of Zion: A History of Mississippi Presbyterians, 1900-2016. 2 vols. (Memphis: Alpha颅graphics, 2016).
Early history of 91制片厂 College that references Benjamin Palmer & Palmer Hall
Waller R. Cooper, (Richmond, VA: John Knox Press, 1949): . References to Palmer or the funding of Palmer Hall on pp. 34, 53-62, 65, 74, 76, 82, 85, 87-88, 107, 110, 115-116, 122, 127-128.
Online resources about Benjamin Palmer:
Appendix B: Understanding Palmer鈥檚 鈥淧rincipal Legacy鈥
Sample Quotations from the sermons and speeches of Benjamin Palmer
Compiled for the Committee by Dr. Steve Haynes